--- title: After that he cut his arms, and legs, and breast, with a sharp stone… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics description: After that he cut his arms, and legs, and breast, with a sharp stone, and stood on a hill, and cried out with a loud voice: “The enemy has taken our cattle; the cattle are being driven away. Who acts: Hlakanyana, enemy. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/101/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kaffir folk-lore](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/) / [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/) / 101 # Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 101 After that he cut his arms, and legs, and breast, with a sharp stone, and stood on a hill, and cried out with a loud voice: “The enemy has taken our cattle; the cattle are being driven away. **Who acts:** Hlakanyana, enemy · **What happens:** cut, stand, cry out, take, drive away · **To what, where:** arms, hill, cattle · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, enemy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg71335:10:101 # text = After that he cut his arms, and legs, and breast, with a sharp stone, and stood on a hill, and cried out with a loud voice: “The enemy has taken our cattle; the cattle are being driven away. 1 After after ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 that that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 obl _ _ 3 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _ 4 cut cut VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ _ 6 arms arm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 7 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 breast breast NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 13 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 14 with with ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 sharp sharp ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 stone stone NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 18 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 20 stood stand VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 21 on on ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 hill hill NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 24 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 26 cried cry VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 27 out out ADP RP _ 26 compound:prt _ _ 28 with with ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 loud loud ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 voice voice NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 32 : : PUNCT : _ 37 punct _ _ 33 “ " PUNCT `` _ 37 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 34 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 enemy enemy NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 nsubj _ _ 36 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 aux _ _ 37 taken take VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 26 conj _ _ 38 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 39 nmod:poss _ _ 39 cattle cattle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 40 ; ; PUNCT : _ 45 punct _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 cattle cattle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 nsubj:pass _ _ 43 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 45 aux:pass _ _ 44 being be AUX VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 45 aux:pass _ _ 45 driven drive VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 conj _ _ 46 away away ADV RB _ 45 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 47 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cut** | past | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana's arms and legs | | | after that | with a sharp stone; breast *obl* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient with stone=Instrument | | 2 | **stand** | past | Hlakanyana *not said here* | | | a hill | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hill=Location | | 3 | **cry out** *speech: express* | past | | | | | | with a loud voice | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with voice=Theme | | 4 | **take** *in a quote* | present · perfect | the enemy | | our cattle | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument cattle=Destination | | 5 | **drive away** *in a quote* | present · passive | | the cattle | | | | away *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 100](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/100/) - next →: [sentence 102](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/102/) - ↑ back to [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/)