---
title: Then Hlakanyana said to the old man: “I am very tired with fighting;… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Then Hlakanyana said to the old man: “I am very tired with fighting; just go to the river, grandfather, and get some water.” Who acts: Hlakanyana. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 109

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Then Hlakanyana said to the old man: “I am very tired with fighting; just go to the river, grandfather, and get some water.”

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana · **What happens:** say, be, fight, go, get · **To what, where:** old man, river, water · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:109
# text = Then Hlakanyana said to the old man: “I am very tired with fighting; just go to the river, grandfather, and get some water.”
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
14	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	just	just	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	go	go	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	grandfather	grandfather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	18	parataxis	_	_
27	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	28	det	_	_
28	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana |  | the old man |  | then |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to man=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fight** *in a quote* | gerund | Hlakanyana *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **go** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  | the river and grandfather |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to river=Initial\_Location |
| 5 | **get** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | some water |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer water=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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