---
title: When the old man returned with the water he was very tired, for the… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: When the old man returned with the water he was very tired, for the river was far for an old man to go to, therefore he fell asleep. Who acts: old man, river, Hlakanyana. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 111

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When the old man returned with the water he was very tired, for the river was far for an old man to go to, therefore he fell asleep.

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**Who acts:** old man, river, Hlakanyana · **What happens:** return, be, go, fall · **To what, where:** old man

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old man, river, Hlakanyana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:111
# text = When the old man returned with the water he was very tired, for the river was far for an old man to go to, therefore he fell asleep.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
5	returned	return	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	very	very	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	22	obl	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	acl	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
28	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
30	asleep	asleep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | participle |  | the old man *not said here* |  |  |  | with the water | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | the old man |  |  |  |  | Hlakanyana *nsubj*; tired *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | the river |  |  |  |  | far *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | to-infinitive | the old man *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **fall** | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  | asleep, therefore *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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