---
title: When she saw that to which she had given birth, she was very much as… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: When she saw that to which she had given birth, she was very much astonished. Who acts: voice. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 18

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When she saw that to which she had given birth, she was very much astonished.

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**Who acts:** voice · **What happens:** see, give, be · **To what, where:** that, birth

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (voice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:18
# text = When she saw that to which she had given birth, she was very much astonished.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	obj	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
10	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
14	very	very	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	much	much	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	astonished	astonished	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | voice | that |  |  |  | which *obj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | past · perfect | voice | birth |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent birth=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | voice |  |  |  |  | astonished *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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