---
title: The boy denied having done so, but Hlakanyana said: “You must pay fo… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The boy denied having done so, but Hlakanyana said: “You must pay for my birds with that digging-stick.” Who acts: boy, Hlakanyana, You. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 207

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The boy denied having done so, but Hlakanyana said: “You must pay for my birds with that digging-stick.”

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**Who acts:** boy, Hlakanyana, You · **What happens:** deny, have, do, say, pay · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, Hlakanyana, You), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:207
# text = The boy denied having done so, but Hlakanyana said: “You must pay for my birds with that digging-stick.”
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	denied	deny	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	xcomp	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
20	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	23	det	_	_
21	digging	digging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deny** | past | the boy |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | the boy *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | participle | the boy *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **pay** *in a quote* | must | You |  |  |  |  | for my birds; with that digging stick | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for bird=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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