--- title: He said: “You have broken my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics description: He said: “You have broken my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.” Who acts: Hlakanyana, You, companion. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tre --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/214/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kaffir folk-lore](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/) / [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/) / 214 # Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 214 He said: “You have broken my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.” **Who acts:** Hlakanyana, You, companion · **What happens:** say, break, receive, eat, leave · **To what, where:** digging stick, companion, birds, Hlakanyana · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, You, companion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg71335:10:214 # text = He said: “You have broken my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.” 1 He he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _ 2 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 3 : : PUNCT : _ 7 punct _ _ 4 “ " PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 5 You you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ _ 6 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _ 7 broken break VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 ccomp _ _ 8 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ _ 9 digging digging NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 10 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 9 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 11 stick stick NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 12 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 14 digging digging NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 15 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 14 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 16 stick stick NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 conj _ _ 17 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 19 obj _ _ 18 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 19 nsubj _ _ 19 received receive VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 16 acl:relcl _ _ 20 from from ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ _ 22 companion companion NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 23 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 24 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ _ 25 companion companion NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 conj _ _ 26 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 27 nsubj _ _ 27 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 25 acl:relcl _ _ 28 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ _ 29 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 left leave VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ _ 32 me I PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 31 iobj _ _ 33 with with ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 heads head NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 36 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 37 ” " PUNCT '' _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **break** *in a quote* | present · perfect | You | my digging stick and the digging stick and my companion | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer stick=Patient | | 3 | **receive** *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana | the digging stick | | my companion | | | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from companion=Source | | 4 | **eat** *in a quote* | past | my companion | my birds | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Patient | | 5 | **leave** *in a quote* | past | You *not said here* | | Hlakanyana | | | with the heads | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent i=Recipient with head=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 213](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/213/) - next →: [sentence 215](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/215/) - ↑ back to [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/)