--- title: Hlakanyana said: “You have killed my goat, the goat that I received… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics description: Hlakanyana said: “You have killed my goat, the goat that I received from the boys that were tending goats, the boys that broke my pot, the pot that I received from the people who make pots, the people who broke my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who a --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/229/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kaffir folk-lore](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/) / [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/) / 229 # Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 229 Hlakanyana said: “You have killed my goat, the goat that I received from the boys that were tending goats, the boys that broke my pot, the pot that I received from the people who make pots, the people who broke my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.” **Who acts:** Hlakanyana, that, boys, people, companion · **What happens:** say, kill, receive, tend, be, break · **To what, where:** You, goat, tending goats, pot, pots, digging stick · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, that, boys, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg71335:10:229 # text = Hlakanyana said: “You have killed my goat, the goat that I received from the boys that were tending goats, the boys that broke my pot, the pot that I received from the people who make pots, the people who broke my digging-stick, the digging-stick that I received from my companion, my companion who ate my birds and left me with the heads.” 1 Hlakanyana Hlakanyana PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 3 : : PUNCT : _ 7 punct _ _ 4 “ " PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 5 You you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj:pass _ _ 6 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _ 7 killed kill VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 2 ccomp _ _ 8 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 9 goat goat NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 goat goat NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 appos _ _ 13 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 15 obj _ _ 14 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 received receive VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 acl:relcl _ _ 16 from from ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 boys boy NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obl _ _ 19 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 22 nsubj _ _ 20 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 22 cop _ _ 21 tending tend VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 22 amod _ _ 22 goats goat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 23 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 boys boy NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ _ 26 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 27 nsubj _ _ 27 broke break VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 25 acl:relcl _ _ 28 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ _ 29 pot pot NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 30 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 pot pot NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ _ 33 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 35 obj _ _ 34 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 35 nsubj _ _ 35 received receive VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 acl:relcl _ _ 36 from from ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obl _ _ 39 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 40 nsubj _ _ 40 make make VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 38 acl:relcl _ _ 41 pots pot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 40 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 42 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ _ 45 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 46 nsubj _ _ 46 broke break VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 44 acl:relcl _ _ 47 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 50 nmod:poss _ _ 48 digging digging NOUN NN Number=Sing 50 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 49 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 48 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 50 stick stick NOUN NN Number=Sing 46 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 51 , , PUNCT , _ 55 punct _ _ 52 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 55 det _ _ 53 digging digging NOUN NN Number=Sing 55 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 54 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 53 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 55 stick stick NOUN NN Number=Sing 50 conj _ _ 56 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 58 obj _ _ 57 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 58 nsubj _ _ 58 received receive VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 55 acl:relcl _ _ 59 from from ADP IN _ 61 case _ _ 60 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 61 nmod:poss _ _ 61 companion companion NOUN NN Number=Sing 58 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 62 , , PUNCT , _ 64 punct _ _ 63 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 64 nmod:poss _ _ 64 companion companion NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 conj _ _ 65 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 66 nsubj _ _ 66 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 64 acl:relcl _ _ 67 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 68 nmod:poss _ _ 68 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 66 obj _ _ 69 and and CCONJ CC _ 70 cc _ _ 70 left leave VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ _ 71 me I PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 70 iobj _ _ 72 with with ADP IN _ 74 case _ _ 73 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 74 det _ _ 74 heads head NOUN NNS Number=Plur 70 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 75 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 76 ” " PUNCT '' _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **kill** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive | | You | | | | my goat and my companion *obj* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer goat=Result | | 3 | **receive** *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana | the goat | | | | from the boys | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from boy=Source | | 4 | **tend** *in a quote* | gerund | | | | | | | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | that | tending goats and the boys and the people | | | | the boys *conj*; the people *conj* | tree rules | | 6 | **break** *in a quote* | past | the boys | my pot and the pot | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer pot=Patient | | 7 | **receive** *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana | the pot | | | | from the people | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from people=Source | | 8 | **make** *in a quote* | present | the people | pots | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pot=Product | | 9 | **break** *in a quote* | past | the people | my digging stick and the digging stick | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer stick=Patient | | 10 | **receive** *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana | the digging stick | | my companion | | | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from companion=Source | | 11 | **eat** *in a quote* | past | my companion | my birds | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Patient | | 12 | **leave** *in a quote* | past | | | Hlakanyana | | | with the heads | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent i=Recipient with head=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 228](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/228/) - next →: [sentence 230](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/230/) - ↑ back to [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/)