---
title: The companion of Hlakanyana threw his spoon away, but the cunning li… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The companion of Hlakanyana threw his spoon away, but the cunning little fellow only pretended to throw his away. Who acts: companion, cunning little fellow. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 249

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The companion of Hlakanyana threw his spoon away, but the cunning little fellow only pretended to throw his away.

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**Who acts:** companion, cunning little fellow · **What happens:** throw away, pretend, throw · **To what, where:** spoon

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (companion, cunning little fellow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:249
# text = The companion of Hlakanyana threw his spoon away, but the cunning little fellow only pretended to throw his away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	companion	companion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	spoon	spoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	away	away	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
10	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	cunning	cunning	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	fellow	fellow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	only	only	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	pretended	pretend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	throw	throw	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	away	away	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw away** | past | the companion of Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana's spoon |  |  |  | away *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spoon=Theme |
| 2 | **pretend** | past | the cunning little fellow |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **throw** | to-infinitive | the cunning little fellow *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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