---
title: Hlakanyana replied: “Can you not see how I have been fighting with t… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Hlakanyana replied: “Can you not see how I have been fighting with the wild dogs? Who acts: Hlakanyana, you. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 282

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Hlakanyana replied: “Can you not see how I have been fighting with the wild dogs?

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, you · **What happens:** reply, not see, fight · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:282
# text = Hlakanyana replied: “Can you not see how I have been fighting with the wild dogs?
1	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	replied	reply	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
9	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux	_	_
13	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	obj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	wild	wild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reply** *speech: ask* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  |  | vn respond-113 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **see** *in a quote* | can | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **fight** *in a quote* | present · perfect · progressive | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  | with the wild dogs | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with dog=Co-Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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