---
title: Ndahamba ndayakuva indaba, I went to hear the news, Zemvula ku manka… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Ndahamba ndayakuva indaba, I went to hear the news, Zemvula ku mankazana. Who acts: I. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 303

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Ndahamba ndayakuva indaba, I went to hear the news, Zemvula ku mankazana.

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**Who acts:** I · **What happens:** go, hear · **To what, where:** Zemvula, news

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:303
# text = Ndahamba ndayakuva indaba, I went to hear the news, Zemvula ku mankazana.
1	Ndahamba	Ndahamba	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	ndayakuva	ndayakuva	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	indaba	indaba	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	Zemvula	Zemvula	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
13	ku	ku	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	12	dep	_	_
14	mankazana	mankazana	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	13	flat:foreign	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | I | Zemvula |  |  |  | Ndahamba ndayakuva indaba *vocative* | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **hear** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | the news |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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