---
title: He saw an iguana that was playing on an ugwali (a simple musical ins… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: He saw an iguana that was playing on an ugwali (a simple musical instrument). Who acts: Hlakanyana, iguana. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 330

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He saw an iguana that was playing on an ugwali (a simple musical instrument).

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, iguana · **What happens:** see, play · **To what, where:** iguana, ugwali

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, iguana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:330
# text = He saw an iguana that was playing on an ugwali (a simple musical instrument).
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	iguana	iguana	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	playing	play	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ugwali	ugwali	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	musical	musical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	instrument	instrument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | Hlakanyana | a iguana |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer iguana=Stimulus |
| 2 | **play** | past · progressive | a iguana |  |  | a ugwali |  |  | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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