---
title: Hlakanyana promised to do so, but when the leopardess was gone he at… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Hlakanyana promised to do so, but when the leopardess was gone he ate that one also. Who acts: Hlakanyana, leopardess. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 364

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Hlakanyana promised to do so, but when the leopardess was gone he ate that one also.

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, leopardess · **What happens:** promise, do, be, eat · **To what, where:** one

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, leopardess), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:364
# text = Hlakanyana promised to do so, but when the leopardess was gone he ate that one also.
1	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	promised	promise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	leopardess	leopardess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	advcl	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
16	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	obj	_	_
17	also	also	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Hlakanyana *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the leopardess |  |  |  |  | gone *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **eat** | past | Hlakanyana | one |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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