---
title: Hlakanyana said: “Let us make a plan to find out who ate the fruit o… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Hlakanyana said: “Let us make a plan to find out who ate the fruit of the tree of the chief.” Who acts: Hlakanyana, us. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 392

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Hlakanyana said: “Let us make a plan to find out who ate the fruit of the tree of the chief.”

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, us · **What happens:** say, let, make, find out, eat · **To what, where:** us, plan, fruit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, us), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:392
# text = Hlakanyana said: “Let us make a plan to find out who ate the fruit of the tree of the chief.”
1	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	plan	plan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	acl	_	_
12	out	out	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** *in a quote* | infinitive | us *not said here* | a plan |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset plan=Product |
| 4 | **find out** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | us *not said here* | a plan *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **eat** *in a quote* | past |  | the fruit of the tree of the chief |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fruit=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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