---
title: Hlakanyana said: “Let us put a rope from one rock to another, and le… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Hlakanyana said: “Let us put a rope from one rock to another, and let all go over it. Who acts: Hlakanyana, us, all. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 394

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Hlakanyana said: “Let us put a rope from one rock to another, and let all go over it.

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, us, all · **What happens:** say, let, put, go · **To what, where:** us, rope, one rock, all, rock · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, us, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:394
# text = Hlakanyana said: “Let us put a rope from one rock to another, and let all go over it.
1	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
18	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	obj	_	_
19	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **put** *in a quote* | infinitive | us *not said here* | a rope |  | one rock |  | to another | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent rope=Goal |
| 4 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | all |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **go** *in a quote* | infinitive | all *not said here* |  |  | rock |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme over it=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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