---
title: Hlakanyana said within himself: “I told them that I was older than t… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Hlakanyana said within himself: “I told them that I was older than they are; to-day it is seen who is a child and who is a man.” Who acts: Hlakanyana, men, child. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every c
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 96

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Hlakanyana said within himself: “I told them that I was older than they are; to-day it is seen who is a child and who is a man.”

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**Who acts:** Hlakanyana, men, child · **What happens:** say, tell, be, see · **To what, where:** men, robber, child, man · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, men, child), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:10:96
# text = Hlakanyana said within himself: “I told them that I was older than they are; to-day it is seen who is a child and who is a man.”
1	Hlakanyana	Hlakanyana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	within	within	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	iobj	_	_
10	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	ccomp	_	_
14	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
24	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	ccomp	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
29	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	32	nsubj	_	_
30	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	cop	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  | within Hlakanyana | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana |  | men *= man* |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | past | Hlakanyana |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **does** *in a quote* | present | men *= man* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **see** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | robber |  |  | day |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 6 | **is a** *in a quote* | present |  | a child and a man |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 7 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | a child and a man | a man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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