---
title: A long time ago a woman who went to cultivate her garden took her li… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: A long time ago a woman who went to cultivate her garden took her little daughter with her, and before she began to hoe the ground she laid the child down in the shade of a tree. Who acts: woman. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Ironside and His Sister., with its dep
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of Ironside and His Sister., sentence 1

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A long time ago a woman who went to cultivate her garden took her little daughter with her, and before she began to hoe the ground she laid the child down in the shade of a tree.

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**Who acts:** woman · **What happens:** go, cultivate, take, begin, hoe, lay down · **To what, where:** garden, little daughter, ground, child, shade, tree

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Ironside and His Sister.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (woman), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:13:1
# text = A long time ago a woman who went to cultivate her garden took her little daughter with her, and before she began to hoe the ground she laid the child down in the shade of a tree.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	cultivate	cultivate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
22	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	hoe	hoe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	xcomp	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
28	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	laid	lay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	_
32	down	down	ADP	RP	_	29	compound:prt	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	shade	shade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | a woman |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cultivate** | to-infinitive | a woman *not said here* | woman's garden |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent garden=Product |
| 3 | **take** | past | a woman |  | woman's little daughter |  | time | with her *= she* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument daughter=Destination |
| 4 | **begin** | past | woman |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 5 | **hoe** | to-infinitive | woman *not said here* | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn funnel-9.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent ground=Theme |
| 6 | **lay down** | past | woman | the child |  | the shade of a tree |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent child=Theme in shade=Destination |
| 7 | **shade** |  |  | a tree |  |  |  |  | nom shade «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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