---
title: Their principal food during this time was nongwes (Hypoxis, p. 385,… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Their principal food during this time was nongwes (Hypoxis, p. 385, “Harvey’s Gen. S. A. Plants”), which they dug out of the ground. Who acts: principal food, nongwes. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Kenkebe., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Kenkebe., sentence 2

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Their principal food during this time was nongwes (Hypoxis, p. 385, “Harvey’s Gen. S. A. Plants”), which they dug out of the ground.

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**Who acts:** principal food, nongwes · **What happens:** be, dig out · **To what, where:** nongwes, ground

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Kenkebe.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (principal food, nongwes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:19:2
# text = Their principal food during this time was nongwes (Hypoxis, p. 385, “Harvey’s Gen. S. A. Plants”), which they dug out of the ground.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	during	during	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	nongwes	nongwe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Hypoxis	Hypoxis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	p.	P.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	385	385	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
15	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	Harvey	Harvey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	’s	's	PART	POS	_	16	case	_	_
18	Gen.	Gen.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:desc	_	_
19	S.	S.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
20	A.	A.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	flat	_	_
21	Plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
26	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	dug	dig	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
28	out	out	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | plants's principal food during this time | nongwes |  |  |  | Hypoxis and p. *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **dig out** | past | nongwes | the ground |  |  |  | which *nsubj* | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent ground=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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