---
title: A battle between Kaffirs consists of a series of individual encounte… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: A battle between Kaffirs consists of a series of individual encounters, in which the bravest combatants on each side challenge each other by name, and when one falls, another is called upon by the victor to take his place. Who acts: battle, bravest combatants, one. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» b
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 104

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A battle between Kaffirs consists of a series of individual encounters, in which the bravest combatants on each side challenge each other by name, and when one falls, another is called upon by the victor to take his place.

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**Who acts:** battle, bravest combatants, one · **What happens:** consist, challenge, fall, call, take · **To what, where:** each, another, place · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (battle, bravest combatants, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:104
# text = A battle between Kaffirs consists of a series of individual encounters, in which the bravest combatants on each side challenge each other by name, and when one falls, another is called upon by the victor to take his place.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	between	between	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Kaffirs	Kaffirs	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	individual	individual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	encounters	encounter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	obl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	bravest	brave	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	17	amod	_	_
17	combatants	combatant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	20	det	_	_
20	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	challenge	challenge	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
22	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	21	obj	_	_
23	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	fixed	_	_
24	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
28	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	30	mark	_	_
29	one	one	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	falls	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
32	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
33	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
35	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
36	by	by	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	victor	victor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
39	to	to	PART	TO	_	40	mark	_	_
40	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	34	advcl	_	_
41	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	42	nmod:poss	_	_
42	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consist** | present | a battle between Kaffirs |  |  |  |  | of a series of individual encounters | tree rules |
| 2 | **challenge** | present | the bravest combatants on each side | each |  |  |  | by name; which *obl* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fall** | present | one |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **call** | present · passive |  | another |  |  |  | upon the victor | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 5 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | battle's place |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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