---
title: Horned cattle constitute their principal wealth, and form a medium o… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Horned cattle constitute their principal wealth, and form a medium of exchange throughout the country. Who acts: Horned cattle. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 107

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Horned cattle constitute their principal wealth, and form a medium of exchange throughout the country.

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**Who acts:** Horned cattle · **What happens:** constitute, form · **To what, where:** principal wealth, medium

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Horned cattle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:107
# text = Horned cattle constitute their principal wealth, and form a medium of exchange throughout the country.
1	Horned	horned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	constitute	constitute	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	wealth	wealth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	form	form	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	medium	medium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	exchange	exchange	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	throughout	throughout	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constitute** | present | Horned cattle | cattle's principal wealth |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wealth=Pivot |
| 2 | **form** | infinitive |  | a medium of exchange |  |  | throughout the country |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location medium=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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