---
title: It has since been ascertained that the tribes further northward do n… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: It has since been ascertained that the tribes further northward do not differ materially from these. Who acts: tribes. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 11

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It has since been ascertained that the tribes further northward do not differ materially from these.

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**Who acts:** tribes · **What happens:** ascertain, not differ · **To what, where:** language

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tribes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:11
# text = It has since been ascertained that the tribes further northward do not differ materially from these.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	ascertained	ascertain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
9	further	further	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
10	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	do	do	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	aux	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	differ	differ	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
14	materially	materially	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | present · perfect · passive |  | language |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **differ** | infinitive · do-support | the tribes |  |  |  |  | from these; further, materially, northward *property* | vn differ-23.4 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme from this=Co-Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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