---
title: Ox racing was then one of the institutions of Kaffirland, and was co… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Ox racing was then one of the institutions of Kaffirland, and was connected with all kinds of festivities. Who acts: Ox racing. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 111

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Ox racing was then one of the institutions of Kaffirland, and was connected with all kinds of festivities.

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**Who acts:** Ox racing · **What happens:** be, connect · **To what, where:** one

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ox racing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:111
# text = Ox racing was then one of the institutions of Kaffirland, and was connected with all kinds of festivities.
1	Ox	ox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	racing	racing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	institutions	institution	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Kaffirland	Kaffirland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	det	_	_
17	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	festivities	festivity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Ox racing | one |  |  | then | of the institutions of Kaffirland | tree rules |
| 2 | **connect** | past · passive | Ox racing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with all kinds of festivities | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: with kind=Co-Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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