---
title: When Europeans first visited them they had, in addition to the ox, d… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: When Europeans first visited them they had, in addition to the ox, domestic dogs and an inferior breed of goats, the last not considered of much value. Who acts: Europeans, cattle, addition. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with it
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 114

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When Europeans first visited them they had, in addition to the ox, domestic dogs and an inferior breed of goats, the last not considered of much value.

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**Who acts:** Europeans, cattle, addition · **What happens:** visit, have, not consider · **To what, where:** cattle, addition, last

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Europeans, cattle, addition), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:114
# text = When Europeans first visited them they had, in addition to the ox, domestic dogs and an inferior breed of goats, the last not considered of much value.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	advmod	_	_
4	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ox	ox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	domestic	domestic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	inferior	inferior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	breed	breed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	goats	goat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	27	advmod	_	_
27	considered	consider	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	value	value	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | Europeans | cattle |  |  |  | first *property* | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **have** | past | cattle | addition |  |  |  | to the ox and domestic dogs and a inferior breed of goats | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent addition=Patient |
| 3 | **not** **consider** | participle · passive | addition *not said here* | the last |  |  |  | of much value | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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