---
title: A species of millet, called by the colonists Kaffir corn, was the gr… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: A species of millet, called by the colonists Kaffir corn, was the grain exclusively cultivated by them prior to the advent of Europeans. Who acts: species. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatic
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 118

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A species of millet, called by the colonists Kaffir corn, was the grain exclusively cultivated by them prior to the advent of Europeans.

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**Who acts:** species · **What happens:** call, be, cultivate · **To what, where:** species, grain · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (species), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:118
# text = A species of millet, called by the colonists Kaffir corn, was the grain exclusively cultivated by them prior to the advent of Europeans.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	millet	millet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	colonists	colonist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	Kaffir	Kaffir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	corn	corn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
16	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	cultivated	cultivate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obl	_	_
20	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	23	case	_	_
21	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	fixed	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	advent	advent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle |  | a species of millet *not said here* |  |  |  | by the colonists and Kaffir corn | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | a species of millet | the grain |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cultivate** | participle |  | the grain *not said here* |  |  |  | by species; prior the advent of Europeans; exclusively *property* | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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