---
title: They were acquainted with the art of fermenting it and making a kind… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: They were acquainted with the art of fermenting it and making a kind of beer, which they were fond of drinking, and which soon caused intoxication. Who acts: art, beer. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 120

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They were acquainted with the art of fermenting it and making a kind of beer, which they were fond of drinking, and which soon caused intoxication.

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**Who acts:** art, beer · **What happens:** acquaint, ferment, make, be, cause · **To what, where:** species, art, kind, intoxication

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (art, beer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:120
# text = They were acquainted with the art of fermenting it and making a kind of beer, which they were fond of drinking, and which soon caused intoxication.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	acquainted	acquaint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	fermenting	ferment	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	conj	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	beer	beer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	fond	fond	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	acl:relcl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	drinking	drinking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
26	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	27	advmod	_	_
27	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
28	intoxication	intoxication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **acquaint** *speech: other* | past · passive |  | species |  |  |  | with the art | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **ferment** | gerund | the art *not said here* | art |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | gerund | the art *not said here* | a kind of beer |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset kind=Product |
| 4 | **is** | past | beer |  |  |  |  | of drinking; species *nsubj*; fond *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **cause** | past |  | intoxication |  |  |  | which *nsubj*; soon *property* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition intoxication=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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