---
title: On the coast they had then reached the Keiskama River, and there is… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: On the coast they had then reached the Keiskama River, and there is good reason to believe that inland their outposts extended westward as far as the site of the present village of Somerset East. Who acts: laws, Keiskama River, outposts. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Intro
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 13

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On the coast they had then reached the Keiskama River, and there is good reason to believe that inland their outposts extended westward as far as the site of the present village of Somerset East.

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**Who acts:** laws, Keiskama River, outposts · **What happens:** have, reach, be, believe, extend · **To what, where:** coast, good reason, site

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (laws, Keiskama River, outposts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:13
# text = On the coast they had then reached the Keiskama River, and there is good reason to believe that inland their outposts extended westward as far as the site of the present village of Somerset East.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Keiskama	Keiskama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	River	River	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	14	expl	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	acl	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	obj	_	_
20	inland	inland	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
21	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	outposts	outpost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
23	extended	extend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	advcl	_	_
24	westward	westward	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
25	as	as	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	29	advmod	_	_
27	as	as	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	site	site	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	Somerset	Somerset	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
36	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | laws *= law* | the coast *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coast=Patient |
| 2 | **reach** | past |  |  |  | the coast | then |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | the Keiskama River | good reason |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **believe** | to-infinitive |  | good reason |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer that=Stimulus |
| 5 | **extend** | past | laws's outposts | the site of the present village of Somerset East |  |  |  | inland *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent site=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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