---
title: They were thus in contact with Hottentot tribes along an extended li… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: They were thus in contact with Hottentot tribes along an extended line, and an amalgamation of the two races had probably already commenced. Who acts: laws. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmati
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 14

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They were thus in contact with Hottentot tribes along an extended line, and an amalgamation of the two races had probably already commenced.

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**Who acts:** laws · **What happens:** be, commence · **To what, where:** contact, amalgamation

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (laws), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:14
# text = They were thus in contact with Hottentot tribes along an extended line, and an amalgamation of the two races had probably already commenced.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	contact	contact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Hottentot	hottentot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	along	along	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	extended	extended	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
15	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	amalgamation	amalgamation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	races	race	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
22	probably	probably	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
23	already	already	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
24	commenced	commence	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | laws *= law* |  |  | contact |  | with Hottentot tribes along a extended line; thus *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **commence** | past · perfect · passive |  | a amalgamation of the two races |  |  |  | probably *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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