---
title: In various parts of the Kaffir country there are artificial heaps of… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: In various parts of the Kaffir country there are artificial heaps of stones, and a Kaffir, when travelling, may often be seen adding one to the number. Who acts: artificial heaps. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependenc
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 164

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In various parts of the Kaffir country there are artificial heaps of stones, and a Kaffir, when travelling, may often be seen adding one to the number.

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**Who acts:** artificial heaps · **What happens:** be, travel, see, add · **To what, where:** artificial heaps, various parts, Kaffir, one

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (artificial heaps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:164
# text = In various parts of the Kaffir country there are artificial heaps of stones, and a Kaffir, when travelling, may often be seen adding one to the number.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Kaffir	Kaffir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
8	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	9	expl	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	artificial	artificial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	heaps	heap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	Kaffir	Kaffir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
20	travelling	travel	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
22	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
23	often	often	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
24	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
26	adding	add	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	advcl	_	_
27	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	26	obj	_	_
28	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | artificial heaps |  | various parts |  | of stones | tree rules |
| 2 | **travel** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **see** | may · passive | artificial heaps *not said here* | a Kaffir |  |  |  | often *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 4 | **add** *speech: assert* | gerund | artificial heaps *not said here* | one |  |  |  | to the number | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent one=Patient to number=Co-Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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