--- title: Iron and copper are now obtained in trade from Europeans, but when t… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics description: Iron and copper are now obtained in trade from Europeans, but when the country was first visited, the Kaffirs were found in possession of these metals, and to the present day a few stubborn conservatives prefer to smelt ore for themselves, as their ancestors did before them. Who acts: few stubborn c --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/204/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kaffir folk-lore](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/) / [Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaf…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/) / 204 # Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 204 Iron and copper are now obtained in trade from Europeans, but when the country was first visited, the Kaffirs were found in possession of these metals, and to the present day a few stubborn conservatives prefer to smelt ore for themselves, as their ancestors did before them. **Who acts:** few stubborn conservatives, ancestors · **What happens:** obtain, visit, find, prefer, smelt, do · **To what, where:** Iron, trade, country, Kaffirs, possession, ore This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (few stubborn conservatives, ancestors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg71335:2:204 # text = Iron and copper are now obtained in trade from Europeans, but when the country was first visited, the Kaffirs were found in possession of these metals, and to the present day a few stubborn conservatives prefer to smelt ore for themselves, as their ancestors did before them. 1 Iron iron NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 and and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 3 copper copper NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 conj _ _ 4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 5 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 6 advmod _ _ 6 obtained obtain VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 trade trade NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 9 from from ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 Europeans European PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 11 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 12 but but CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 13 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 18 advmod _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 nsubj:pass _ _ 16 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux:pass _ _ 17 first first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 18 advmod _ _ 18 visited visit VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 19 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 Kaffirs kaffir NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj:pass _ _ 22 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux:pass _ _ 23 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 parataxis _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 possession possession NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 28 det _ _ 28 metals metal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 29 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 31 to to ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 33 present present ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 35 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 36 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 37 stubborn stubborn ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 38 conservatives conservative NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nsubj _ _ 39 prefer prefer VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 conj _ _ 40 to to PART TO _ 41 mark _ _ 41 smelt smelt VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 39 xcomp _ _ 42 ore ore NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 43 for for ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 44 themselves themselves PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 41 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 45 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 46 as as SCONJ IN _ 49 mark _ _ 47 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 48 nmod:poss _ _ 48 ancestors ancestor NOUN NNS Number=Plur 49 nsubj _ _ 49 did do VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 41 advcl _ _ 50 before before ADP IN _ 51 case _ _ 51 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 49 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 52 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **obtain** | present · passive | | Iron and copper | | trade from Europeans | now | | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Theme | | 2 | **visit** | past · passive | | the country | | | | first *property* | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Agent | | 3 | **find** | past · passive | | the Kaffirs | | possession of this metals | | | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | | 4 | **prefer** | present | a few stubborn conservatives | | | | day | | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | | 5 | **smelt** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a few stubborn conservatives *not said here* | ore | | | | for conservatives *= conservative* | tree rules | | 6 | **do** | past | conservatives's ancestors | | | | before conservatives *= conservative* | | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **possess** | | | this metals | | | | | nom possession «act transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 203](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/203/) - next →: [sentence 205](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/205/) - ↑ back to [Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/)