---
title: There are certain families to whom the working in metals is confined… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: There are certain families to whom the working in metals is confined, the son following the father in his occupation. Who acts: certain families, son, Kaffir. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 205

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There are certain families to whom the working in metals is confined, the son following the father in his occupation.

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**Who acts:** certain families, son, Kaffir · **What happens:** be, confine, follow, occupy · **To what, where:** working, father, occupation

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (certain families, son, Kaffir), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:205
# text = There are certain families to whom the working in metals is confined, the son following the father in his occupation.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	working	working	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	metals	metal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	confined	confine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
16	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	occupation	occupation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | certain families and the son |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **confine** | present · passive |  | the working in metals |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **follow** | gerund | the son *not said here* | the father |  | Kaffir's occupation |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent father=Theme in occupation=Trajectory |
| 4 | **occupy** |  | Kaffir |  |  |  |  |  | nom occupation «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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