---
title: The Kaffir smith, using a boulder for an anvil and a hammer of iron… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The Kaffir smith, using a boulder for an anvil and a hammer of iron or stone, next proceeded to shape the lump of metal into an assagai head, an axe, a pick, or whatever was required. Who acts: Kaffir smith. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 212

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The Kaffir smith, using a boulder for an anvil and a hammer of iron or stone, next proceeded to shape the lump of metal into an assagai head, an axe, a pick, or whatever was required.

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**Who acts:** Kaffir smith · **What happens:** use, proceed, shape, require · **To what, where:** boulder, iron, lump, assagai head, Kaffir smith

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Kaffir smith), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:212
# text = The Kaffir smith, using a boulder for an anvil and a hammer of iron or stone, next proceeded to shape the lump of metal into an assagai head, an axe, a pick, or whatever was required.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Kaffir	Kaffir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	smith	smith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	boulder	boulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	anvil	anvil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hammer	hammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	next	next	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	proceeded	proceed	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	shape	shape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
27	into	into	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	assagai	assagai	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	pick	pick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
38	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
39	whatever	whatever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	41	nsubj:pass	_	_
40	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	41	aux:pass	_	_
41	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	41	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | gerund | the Kaffir smith *not said here* | a boulder and a axe and a pick |  |  |  | for a anvil and a hammer of iron or stone | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent boulder=Theme for anvil=Eventuality |
| 2 | **proceed** | participle |  | iron or stone *not said here* |  |  |  | next *property* | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **shape** | to-infinitive |  | the lump of metal |  | a assagai head |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent lump=Material into head=Product |
| 4 | **require** | past · passive |  | the Kaffir smith |  |  |  | whatever *nsubj:pass* | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Precondition |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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