---
title: The manner in which the Kaffirs became divided into independent trib… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The manner in which the Kaffirs became divided into independent tribes in ancient times is clearly shown by the law of succession to the chieftainship which is in force to the present day. Who acts: law, chieftainship. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Reg
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 35

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The manner in which the Kaffirs became divided into independent tribes in ancient times is clearly shown by the law of succession to the chieftainship which is in force to the present day.

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**Who acts:** law, chieftainship · **What happens:** divide, show, be · **To what, where:** Kaffirs, manner, force

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (law, chieftainship), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:35
# text = The manner in which the Kaffirs became divided into independent tribes in ancient times is clearly shown by the law of succession to the chieftainship which is in force to the present day.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Kaffirs	kaffir	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	divided	divide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	independent	independent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
16	clearly	clearly	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	succession	succession	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
23	to	to	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	chieftainship	chieftainship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	acl:relcl	_	_
30	to	to	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | past · passive |  | the Kaffirs |  | the manner | time | into independent tribes | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **show** | present · passive | the law of succession to the chieftainship | the manner |  |  |  | clearly *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient |
| 3 | **is** | present | the chieftainship |  |  | force | day |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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