---
title: Thus there was always a tendency to division and subdivision of the… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Thus there was always a tendency to division and subdivision of the tribes, which was the great fault of the system. Who acts: tendency, tribes. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 43

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Thus there was always a tendency to division and subdivision of the tribes, which was the great fault of the system.

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**Who acts:** tendency, tribes · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** great fault

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tendency, tribes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:43
# text = Thus there was always a tendency to division and subdivision of the tribes, which was the great fault of the system.
1	Thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tendency	tendency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	division	division	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	subdivision	subdivision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	fault	fault	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a tendency to division and subdivision of the tribes and the great fault |  |  | there |  | thus *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the tribes and the great fault | the great fault |  |  |  | of the system | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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