---
title: But it was not generally adopted until Gaika, about the beginning of… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: But it was not generally adopted until Gaika, about the beginning of the present century, gave it his countenance, since which time this custom has been almost universally followed by the Amaxosa, so that the number of petty chiefs and little clans is now very great. Who acts: Gaika, Amaxosa, number
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 47

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But it was not generally adopted until Gaika, about the beginning of the present century, gave it his countenance, since which time this custom has been almost universally followed by the Amaxosa, so that the number of petty chiefs and little clans is now very great.

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**Who acts:** Gaika, Amaxosa, number · **What happens:** not adopt, give, follow, be, begin · **To what, where:** practice, custom, present century

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gaika, Amaxosa, number), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:47
# text = But it was not generally adopted until Gaika, about the beginning of the present century, gave it his countenance, since which time this custom has been almost universally followed by the Amaxosa, so that the number of petty chiefs and little clans is now very great.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
5	generally	generally	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	adopted	adopt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
8	Gaika	Gaika	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	about	about	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	beginning	beginning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
18	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	countenance	countenance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
23	since	since	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	25	det	_	_
25	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
26	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	27	det	_	_
27	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
29	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	32	aux:pass	_	_
30	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	universally	universally	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
32	followed	follow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	advcl	_	_
33	by	by	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	Amaxosa	Amaxosa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
37	so	so	ADV	RB	_	50	advmod	_	_
38	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	50	mark	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	nsubj	_	_
41	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	petty	petty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	compound	_	_
43	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	40	nmod	_	_
44	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
45	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
46	clans	clan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	43	conj	_	_
47	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	50	cop	_	_
48	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	50	advmod	_	_
49	very	very	ADV	RB	_	50	advmod	_	_
50	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **adopt** | past · passive |  | practice |  |  |  | generally *property* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | past | Gaika | practice |  |  |  | Gaika's countenance *obj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent it=Recipient countenance=Theme |
| 3 | **follow** | present · perfect · passive | the Amaxosa | this custom |  |  | time | universally *property* | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 4 | **is** | present | the number of petty chiefs and little clans |  |  |  | now | great *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **begin** |  |  | the present century |  |  |  |  | nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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