---
title: The language of the Amaxosa contains three clicks, which are now rep… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The language of the Amaxosa contains three clicks, which are now represented in writing by the superfluous letters c, q, and x. Who acts: language, superfluous letters c. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree an
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 71

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The language of the Amaxosa contains three clicks, which are now represented in writing by the superfluous letters c, q, and x.

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**Who acts:** language, superfluous letters c · **What happens:** contain, represent · **To what, where:** three clicks

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (language, superfluous letters c), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:71
# text = The language of the Amaxosa contains three clicks, which are now represented in writing by the superfluous letters c, q, and x.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Amaxosa	Amaxosa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	clicks	click	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
12	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	_
13	represented	represent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
18	superfluous	superfluous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
19	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	compound	_	_
20	c	c	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	q	Q	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	x	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | the language of the Amaxosa | three clicks |  |  |  | x *conj* | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot click=Theme |
| 2 | **represent** | present · passive | the superfluous letters c and q | three clicks |  |  | now | in writing | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot subject=Theme in writing=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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