--- title: These clicks are easily sounded separately by Europeans, the c by wi… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics description: These clicks are easily sounded separately by Europeans, the c by withdrawing the tongue sharply from the front teeth, the q by doing the same from the roof of the mouth, and the x by drawing the breath in a peculiar way between the tongue and the side teeth; but they generally prove an insurmountab --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/72/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Kaffir folk-lore](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/) / [Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaf…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/) / 72 # Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 72 These clicks are easily sounded separately by Europeans, the c by withdrawing the tongue sharply from the front teeth, the q by doing the same from the roof of the mouth, and the x by drawing the breath in a peculiar way between the tongue and the side teeth; but they generally prove an insurmountable difficulty to an adult who wishes to learn to speak the language. **Who acts:** Europeans, q, x, adult · **What happens:** sound, withdraw, do, draw, prove, wish · **To what, where:** clicks, tongue, front teeth, same, roof, breath · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Europeans, q, x, adult), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg71335:2:72 # text = These clicks are easily sounded separately by Europeans, the c by withdrawing the tongue sharply from the front teeth, the q by doing the same from the roof of the mouth, and the x by drawing the breath in a peculiar way between the tongue and the side teeth; but they generally prove an insurmountable difficulty to an adult who wishes to learn to speak the language. 1 These this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 2 det _ _ 2 clicks click NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 4 easily easily ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 5 sounded sound VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 separately separately ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 7 by by ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Europeans European PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 5 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 9 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 c c NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 appos _ _ 12 by by SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _ 13 withdrawing withdraw VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 5 advcl _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 tongue tongue NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 16 sharply sharply ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 17 from from ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 19 front front ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 teeth tooth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 21 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 q Q NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 appos _ _ 24 by by SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 25 doing do VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 23 acl _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 obj _ _ 28 from from ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 roof roof NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obl _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 mouth mouth NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 34 , , PUNCT , _ 57 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 57 cc _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 x x NOUN NN Number=Sing 57 nsubj _ _ 38 by by SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 39 drawing draw VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 37 acl _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 breath breath NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obj _ _ 42 in in ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 43 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 44 peculiar peculiar NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 compound _ _ 45 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 46 between between ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 47 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 48 det _ _ 48 tongue tongue NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 nmod _ _ 49 and and CCONJ CC _ 52 cc _ _ 50 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 52 det _ _ 51 side side NOUN NN Number=Sing 52 compound _ _ 52 teeth tooth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 48 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 53 ; ; PUNCT , _ 57 punct _ _ 54 but but CCONJ CC _ 57 cc _ _ 55 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 57 nsubj _ _ 56 generally generally ADV RB _ 57 advmod _ _ 57 prove prove VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 58 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 60 det _ _ 59 insurmountable insurmountable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 60 amod _ _ 60 difficulty difficulty NOUN NN Number=Sing 57 obj _ _ 61 to to ADP IN _ 63 case _ _ 62 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 63 det _ _ 63 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 60 nmod _ _ 64 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 65 nsubj _ _ 65 wishes wish VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 63 acl:relcl _ _ 66 to to PART TO _ 67 mark _ _ 67 learn learn VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 65 ccomp _ _ 68 to to PART TO _ 69 mark _ _ 69 speak speak VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 67 xcomp _ _ 70 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 71 det _ _ 71 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 69 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 72 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **sound** | present · passive | Europeans | this clicks | | | | easily, separately *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme | | 2 | **withdraw** | gerund | Europeans *not said here* | the tongue | | the front teeth | | sharply *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent tongue=Theme from tooth=Initial\_Location | | 3 | **do** | gerund | the q *not said here* | the same | | the roof of the mouth | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent same=Eventuality | | 4 | **draw** | gerund | the x *not said here* | the breath | | a peculiar way between the tongue and the side teeth | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent breath=Theme in way=Destination | | 5 | **prove** | present | the x | a insurmountable difficulty | | | | to a adult; clicks *= click* *nsubj*; generally *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difficulty=Theme | | 6 | **wish** | present | a adult | | | | | | vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | | 7 | **learn** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 8 | **speak** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | | the language | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 71](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/71/) - next →: [sentence 73](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/73/) - ↑ back to [Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/)