---
title: Owing to this custom, in many instances almost a distinct dialect ha… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Owing to this custom, in many instances almost a distinct dialect has come into use. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 76

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Owing to this custom, in many instances almost a distinct dialect has come into use.

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**What happens:** owe, come · **To what, where:** many instances, use

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:76
# text = Owing to this custom, in many instances almost a distinct dialect has come into use.
1	Owing	owe	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	nsubj	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	instances	instance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
9	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	distinct	distinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	dialect	dialect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **owe** | gerund |  |  |  | many instances  a distinct dialect |  | to this custom *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to custom=Goal |
| 2 | **come** | present · perfect |  |  |  | use |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into use=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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