---
title: The different seasons of the year are indicated by the rise in the e… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The different seasons of the year are indicated by the rise in the evening of particular constellations, to which, as well as to several of the prominent stars and planets, they have given expressive names. Who acts: details. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chap
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 83

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The different seasons of the year are indicated by the rise in the evening of particular constellations, to which, as well as to several of the prominent stars and planets, they have given expressive names.

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**Who acts:** details · **What happens:** indicate, give · **To what, where:** different seasons, expressive names

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (details), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:83
# text = The different seasons of the year are indicated by the rise in the evening of particular constellations, to which, as well as to several of the prominent stars and planets, they have given expressive names.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	seasons	season	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	indicated	indicate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	constellations	constellation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	26	cc	_	_
23	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	22	fixed	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	22	fixed	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	fixed	_	_
26	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	prominent	prominent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	planets	planet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
35	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
36	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
37	expressive	expressive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **indicate** | present · passive |  | the different seasons of the year |  |  |  | by the rise in the evening of particular constellations; which *obl:agent* | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Topic |
| 2 | **give** | present · perfect | details *= detail* | expressive names |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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