---
title: The country lying between the present colonies of the Cape and Natal… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The country lying between the present colonies of the Cape and Natal was first explored by Europeans in the year 1688, and was then found to be occupied by four great tribes,—the Amampondomsi, the Amampondo, the Abatembu, and the Amaxosa,—who formed nations as distinct from each other as are the Fre
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 9

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The country lying between the present colonies of the Cape and Natal was first explored by Europeans in the year 1688, and was then found to be occupied by four great tribes,—the Amampondomsi, the Amampondo, the Abatembu, and the Amaxosa,—who formed nations as distinct from each other as are the French and the Italians.

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**Who acts:** country, Europeans, four great tribes, Amaxosa · **What happens:** lie, explore, find, occupy, form, be · **To what, where:** present colonies, country, nations, each

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (country, Europeans, four great tribes, Amaxosa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:2:9
# text = The country lying between the present colonies of the Cape and Natal was first explored by Europeans in the year 1688, and was then found to be occupied by four great tribes,—the Amampondomsi, the Amampondo, the Abatembu, and the Amaxosa,—who formed nations as distinct from each other as are the French and the Italians.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	colonies	colony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Cape	Cape	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	Natal	Natal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
14	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	15	advmod	_	_
15	explored	explore	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
21	1688	1688	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
25	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	26	advmod	_	_
26	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	conj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	29	mark	_	_
28	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	occupied	occupy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	xcomp	_	_
30	by	by	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	33	nummod	_	_
32	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	Amampondomsi	Amampondomsi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	Amampondo	Amampondo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	Abatembu	Abatembu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
45	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	51	cc	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
47	Amaxosa	Amaxosa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	51	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	51	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	51	nsubj	_	_
51	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
52	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	51	obj	_	_
53	as	as	ADP	IN	_	54	case	_	_
54	distinct	distinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	obl	_	_
55	from	from	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	51	obl	_	_
57	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	56	fixed	_	_
58	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	61	mark	_	_
59	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	61	cop	_	_
60	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	61	det	_	_
61	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	advcl	_	_
62	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	64	cc	_	_
63	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
64	Italians	Italian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	61	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
65	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | gerund | the country *not said here* |  |  | the present colonies of the Cape and Natal |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent between colony=Location |
| 2 | **explore** | past · passive | Europeans | the country |  |  | year | first *property* | vn investigate-35.4 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent subject=Location |
| 3 | **find** | past · passive | Europeans *not said here* |  |  |  | then |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: clause=Theme |
| 4 | **occupy** | to-infinitive · passive | four great tribes  the Amampondomsi and the Abatembu |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **form** | past | the Amaxosa | nations |  | each |  | as distinct; who *nsubj* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent nation=Result from each=Material |
| 6 | **is** | present | the Amaxosa *not said here* |  |  |  |  | the Italians *conj*; french *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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