---
title: As he drew near, he heard the owner of the place speaking to the hor… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: As he drew near, he heard the owner of the place speaking to the horns, but without getting anything out of them. Who acts: boy, place. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Wonderful Horns., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Wonderful Horns., sentence 25

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As he drew near, he heard the owner of the place speaking to the horns, but without getting anything out of them.

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**Who acts:** boy, place · **What happens:** draw, hear, speak, get · **To what, where:** owner, anything · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Wonderful Horns.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, place), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:21:25
# text = As he drew near, he heard the owner of the place speaking to the horns, but without getting anything out of them.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
4	near	near	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	owner	owner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
20	getting	get	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
21	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	20	obj	_	_
22	out	out	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | boy |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hear** | past | boy | the owner of the place |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer owner=Stimulus |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | the place *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the horns | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to horn=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **get** | gerund | boy *not said here* | anything |  |  |  | out houses *= house* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer anything=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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