---
title: The owner refused, and sent him away, because his clothes were in ta… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The owner refused, and sent him away, because his clothes were in tatters, and his body soiled with travel. Who acts: owner, clothes, body. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Wonderful Horns., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Wonderful Horns., sentence 28

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The owner refused, and sent him away, because his clothes were in tatters, and his body soiled with travel.

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**Who acts:** owner, clothes, body · **What happens:** refuse, send away, be, soil · **To what, where:** owner, tatters

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Wonderful Horns.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (owner, clothes, body), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:21:28
# text = The owner refused, and sent him away, because his clothes were in tatters, and his body soiled with travel.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	owner	owner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	refused	refuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	away	away	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	15	nsubj	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	tatters	tatter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	soiled	soil	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refuse** | past | the owner |  |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **send away** | past | the owner *not said here* | owner |  |  |  | away *property* | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | owner's clothes |  |  | tatters |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **soil** | past | owner's body |  |  |  |  | with travel | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with travel=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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