---
title: Then a dog, who said: “Ho! ho! who helped me?” — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Then a dog, who said: “Ho! ho! who helped me?” Who acts: dog, Ho ho. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Great Chief of the Animals., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Great Chief of the Animals., sentence 24

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Then a dog, who said: “Ho! ho! who helped me?”

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**Who acts:** dog, Ho ho · **What happens:** say, help · **To what, where:** dog · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Great Chief of the Animals.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dog, Ho ho), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:23:24
# text = Then a dog, who said: “Ho! ho! who helped me?”
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Ho	Ho	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
11	ho	ho	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
13	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | a dog |  |  |  | then | who *nsubj*; Ho ho *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **help** *in a quote* | past | Ho ho |  | a dog *= dog* |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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