---
title: Once upon a time the animals made a kraal and put some fat in it. — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Once upon a time the animals made a kraal and put some fat in it. Who acts: animals. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Hare., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Hare., sentence 1

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Once upon a time the animals made a kraal and put some fat in it.

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**Who acts:** animals · **What happens:** make, put · **To what, where:** kraal, fat

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Hare.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (animals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:24:1
# text = Once upon a time the animals made a kraal and put some fat in it.
1	Once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	7	advmod	_	_
2	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kraal	kraal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
12	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	13	det	_	_
13	fat	fat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the animals | a kraal |  |  |  | once *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kraal=Product |
| 2 | **put** | infinitive | the animals *not said here* | some fat |  | fat |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent fat=Theme in it=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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