---
title: Nkele (the lefthanded), or Makana, one of the most remarkable men th… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Nkele (the lefthanded), or Makana, one of the most remarkable men that Kaffirland has produced, rose by his own merits from a private station to be the leader of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century. Who acts: Nkele. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 118

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Nkele (the lefthanded), or Makana, one of the most remarkable men that Kaffirland has produced, rose by his own merits from a private station to be the leader of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century.

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**Who acts:** Nkele · **What happens:** lefthand, produce, rise, be · **To what, where:** Nkele, remarkable men, private station, leader

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nkele), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:26:118
# text = Nkele (the lefthanded), or Makana, one of the most remarkable men that Kaffirland has produced, rose by his own merits from a private station to be the leader of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century.
1	Nkele	Nkele	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lefthanded	lefthand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	Makana	Makana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	1	list	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	14	advmod	_	_
14	remarkable	remarkable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	Kaffirland	Kaffirland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	produced	produce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
21	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
22	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
24	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	merits	merit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	private	private	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	station	station	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	33	mark	_	_
31	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	cop	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	advcl	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	Ndlambe	Ndlambe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
37	clans	clan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	41	amod	_	_
41	decade	decade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	44	det	_	_
44	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lefthand** | participle |  | Nkele *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **produce** | present · perfect · passive |  | the remarkable men |  |  |  | Kaffirland *nsubj:pass* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
| 3 | **rise** | past | Nkele |  |  | a private station |  | by Nkele's own merits | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient by merit=Extent from station=Initial\_State |
| 4 | **is a** | to-infinitive | Nkele *not said here* | the leader |  |  |  | of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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