---
title: He led in person the attack upon Grahamstown, and only retreated aft… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: He led in person the attack upon Grahamstown, and only retreated after the flower of his forces was swept away. Who acts: Nkele. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 120

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He led in person the attack upon Grahamstown, and only retreated after the flower of his forces was swept away.

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**Who acts:** Nkele · **What happens:** lead, retreat, sweep away · **To what, where:** attack

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nkele), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:26:120
# text = He led in person the attack upon Grahamstown, and only retreated after the flower of his forces was swept away.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Grahamstown	Grahamstown	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	retreated	retreat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
13	after	after	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	flower	flower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	swept	sweep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
21	away	away	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Nkele | the attack |  |  |  | in person; upon Grahamstown | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent attack=Theme in person=Destination |
| 2 | **retreat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **sweep away** | past · passive |  |  |  |  | after the flower of Nkele's forces | away *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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