---
title: This saying is used as a warning to any one who is following a cours… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: This saying is used as a warning to any one who is following a course that must lead to ruin. Who acts: one, course. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 162

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This saying is used as a warning to any one who is following a course that must lead to ruin.

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**Who acts:** one, course · **What happens:** use, follow, lead, ruin · **To what, where:** saying, course

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one, course), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:26:162
# text = This saying is used as a warning to any one who is following a course that must lead to ruin.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
17	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	lead	lead	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	acl:relcl	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	ruin	ruin	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | this saying |  |  |  | as a warning to any one | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as warning=Attribute |
| 2 | **follow** | present · progressive | any one | a course |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent course=Theme |
| 3 | **lead** | must | a course |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Result |
| 4 | **ruin** | to-infinitive | a course *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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