---
title: This saying is applied as a warning to people to avoid doing wrong,… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: This saying is applied as a warning to people to avoid doing wrong, lest the punishment of Hili overtake them. Who acts: punishment. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 67

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This saying is applied as a warning to people to avoid doing wrong, lest the punishment of Hili overtake them.

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**Who acts:** punishment · **What happens:** apply, avoid, do, overtake, punish · **To what, where:** saying, neighbours, Hili

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (punishment), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:26:67
# text = This saying is applied as a warning to people to avoid doing wrong, lest the punishment of Hili overtake them.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	applied	apply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
12	doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	xcomp	_	_
13	wrong	wrong	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	lest	lest	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Hili	Hili	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	overtake	overtake	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
21	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **apply** | present · passive |  | this saying |  |  |  | as a warning to people | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **avoid** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **do** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **overtake** | present | the punishment of Hili | neighbours *= neighbour* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **punish** |  |  | Hili |  |  |  |  | nom punishment «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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