---
title: (a) The word amasi, translated milk, means that kind of fermented mi… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: (a) The word amasi, translated milk, means that kind of fermented milk which is used by the Kaffirs. Who acts: word, Kaffirs. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 1

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(a) The word amasi, translated milk, means that kind of fermented milk which is used by the Kaffirs.

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**Who acts:** word, Kaffirs · **What happens:** translate, mean, ferment, use · **To what, where:** kind, fermented milk

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word, Kaffirs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:1
# text = (a) The word amasi, translated milk, means that kind of fermented milk which is used by the Kaffirs.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
6	amasi	amasi	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
11	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	det	_	_
13	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	fermented	ferment	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	Kaffirs	kaffir	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **translate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present | a word and translated milk | that kind of fermented milk |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Topic |
| 3 | **ferment** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **use** | present · passive | the Kaffirs | fermented milk |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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