---
title: The large jars are being replaced by wooden casks purchased from Eur… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The large jars are being replaced by wooden casks purchased from Europeans, and iron pots have already come into general use. Who acts: wooden casks, iron pots. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 22

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The large jars are being replaced by wooden casks purchased from Europeans, and iron pots have already come into general use.

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**Who acts:** wooden casks, iron pots · **What happens:** replace, purchase, come · **To what, where:** large jars, wooden casks, Europeans, general use

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wooden casks, iron pots), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:22
# text = The large jars are being replaced by wooden casks purchased from Europeans, and iron pots have already come into general use.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	jars	jar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	casks	cask	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	purchased	purchase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
15	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	pots	pot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	already	already	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
20	into	into	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **replace** | present · passive | wooden casks | the large jars |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **purchase** | participle |  | wooden casks *not said here* |  | Europeans |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from european=Source |
| 3 | **come** | present · perfect | iron pots |  |  | general use |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into use=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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