---
title: It is made by raising a ring on the hard and smooth ant-heap floor. — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: It is made by raising a ring on the hard and smooth ant-heap floor. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 25

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It is made by raising a ring on the hard and smooth ant-heap floor.

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**What happens:** make, raise · **To what, where:** h, ring, hard ant heap floor

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:25
# text = It is made by raising a ring on the hard and smooth ant-heap floor.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	raising	raise	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	ant	ant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | h |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **raise** | gerund |  | a ring |  | the hard ant heap floor |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent ring=Theme on floor=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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