---
title: (n) The inference from this is that his enemies had bewitched him an… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: (n) The inference from this is that his enemies had bewitched him and made him assume the appearance of a crocodile, but that the young woman on account of her good qualities and great love for him had power to dispel the charm, and by licking his face had enabled him to resume his proper form as a 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 36

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(n) The inference from this is that his enemies had bewitched him and made him assume the appearance of a crocodile, but that the young woman on account of her good qualities and great love for him had power to dispel the charm, and by licking his face had enabled him to resume his proper form as a man.

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**Who acts:** l, licking · **What happens:** be, make, assume, dispel, lick, enable · **To what, where:** inference, l, appearance, charm, face, proper form

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (l, licking), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:36
# text = (n) The inference from this is that his enemies had bewitched him and made him assume the appearance of a crocodile, but that the young woman on account of her good qualities and great love for him had power to dispel the charm, and by licking his face had enabled him to resume his proper form as a man.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n	n	NUM	LS	_	13	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	inference	inference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nmod	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	bewitched	bewitch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
17	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	assume	assume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	crocodile	crocodile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
25	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	41	mark	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nsubj	_	_
30	on	on	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	account	account	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
34	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	qualities	quality	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
37	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	love	love	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	_
39	for	for	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nmod	_	_
41	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	54	aux	_	_
42	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obj	_	_
43	to	to	PART	TO	_	44	mark	_	_
44	dispel	dispel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	41	xcomp	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	charm	charm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
48	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
49	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	50	mark	_	_
50	licking	lick	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	54	csubj:pass	_	_
51	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	52	nmod:poss	_	_
52	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	obj	_	_
53	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	54	aux	_	_
54	enabled	enable	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	conj	_	_
55	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	54	obj	_	_
56	to	to	PART	TO	_	57	mark	_	_
57	resume	resume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	54	advcl	_	_
58	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	60	nmod:poss	_	_
59	proper	proper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	60	amod	_	_
60	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	57	obj	_	_
61	as	as	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
62	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	63	det	_	_
63	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	57	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
64	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · perfect · passive |  | the inference from this |  |  |  | n *discourse*; l's enemies *nsubj*; l *obj*; bewitch *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | past |  | l |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **assume** | infinitive | l *not said here* | the appearance of a crocodile |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent appearance=Theme |
| 4 | **dispel** | to-infinitive | l *not said here* | the charm |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent charm=Patient |
| 5 | **lick** | gerund |  | l's face |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent face=Source |
| 6 | **enable** | past · perfect | licking | l |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **resume** | to-infinitive | licking *not said here* | l's proper form |  |  |  | as a man | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Eventuality |
| 8 | **account** |  |  | girl's good qualities and great love |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 9 | **form** |  | l |  |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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